Einstein realized that photonsĪre quanta of energy and used this to develop a theory to explain (somewhat reluctantly at first) the relationship between photon energyĮ and resonator frequency ν expressed as E = hν, where h is known as Planck developed a theory to correctly explain blackīody radiation (published in 1901), and in doing so, established Had discovered the photoelectric effect in metal electrodes exposed to Semiconductor carrier type and concentration. Hallĭiscovered the Hall effect, which is now used routinely to characterize The voltage of a solar photovoltaicĬell is related to the difference in chemical potential of the photogeneratedĪnd relaxed electrons and holes. In 1875 through 1876, in an epic treatise, J. Rectifier effect in metal sulfides with metallic point contacts (published inġ875). Smith reported photoconductivity in bars of selenium (Se). Halide-coated platinum (Pt) electrodes immersed in an aqueous solution Perhaps also stated here as a photoelectrochemical effect) when metal The photovoltaic effect (known previously as the Becquerel effect and In 1839, the 19-year old French scientist A. Some, butĬertainly not all, of the important and interesting developments in thisįield (or related fields) are outlined next. The field of photovoltaics is 175 years old as of the year 2014. Solar Photovoltaic Cells: Photons to Electricity Solar Photovoltaic Cells: Photons to Electricity. The goal of this chapter is to provide a solidįoundation for understanding the basic physics of solar photovoltaic There is a discussion on device engineering details required to optimize Then, there is a discussion on the challenges underlying successful hot-carrier solar photovoltaic cell operation. Greater power conversion efficiency than standard single junction solar The discussion shifts to multijunction solar photovoltaicĬells with examples of monolithic, series-connected devices that exhibit The role of minority carrier diffusion length is then Recombination coefficient and radiative lifetime is explained, followedīy a discussion on nonradiative Auger and Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) Then, there is a discussion aboutįree energy management in solar photovoltaic cells. Following this, the necessary steps required to calculate powerĬonversion efficiency are introduced. The principle of detailedīalance is then invoked to actually quantify the open circuit voltageįor solar photovoltaic cells with backside mirrors, air-exposed top andīottom surfaces (bifacial design), and backside parasitically absorbing To chemical potential and quasi-Fermi levels. Is offered, which then leads to the open circuit voltage and its relation Next, absorption coefficient is discussed. Then, the photogenerated current density, and its relationship to solar photon flux, is presented. Next, p–n junction solar photovoltaic cells are introduced followed by a look at the relationship between bandgap energyĪnd power conversion efficiency. Of solar photovoltaic cells including ways to improve their fabricationĪnd performance. Theories that ultimately paved the way for a more complete understanding This chapter begins with a brief history of some of the direct developmentĪnd deployment of solar photovoltaic cells or scientific discoveries and
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